Abstract: While money has evolved from natural commodities to digital tokens, the debate about the ideal money has remained the same throughout the ages. Historical controversies about the origin, nature, and double-spending of money offer valuable insights for navigating the new forms of money tokens ...more »

Abstract: How far can central banks shrink their balance sheets? The answer sets the limits to quantitative tightening (QT), and depends critically on the demand for reserves and whether the drivers widely thought to have increased it over the past decade actually do so. We ...more »

Abstract: Retail investors increasingly discuss markets in real time on social media, yet these discussions remain difficult to measure systematically. This paper introduces the Reddit Retail Investor Sentiment Indicator (R-RISI), a high-frequency measure of retail investor sentiment based on Reddit posts from major investing and ...more »