ECB: Liquidity conditions and monetary policy operations

Gen 04 2019

The ECB published a report assessing monetary policy operations during the fifth and sixth reserve maintenance periods of 2018, which ran from 1 August to 18 September 2018 and from 19 September to 30 October 2018 respectively.

Throughout this period the interest rates on the main refinancing operations (MROs), the marginal lending facility and the deposit facility remained unchanged at 0.00%, 0.25% and −0.40% respectively. In parallel, the Eurosystem continued to purchase public sector securities, covered bonds, asset-backed securities and corporate sector securities as part of its asset purchase programme (APP), with a target of €30 billion of purchases on average per month until the end of September and €15 billion as of October.

Liquidity needs

In the period under review, the average daily liquidity needs of the banking system, defined as the sum of net autonomous factors and reserve requirements, stood at €1,459.8 billion, an increase of €32.3 billion compared with the previous review period (i.e. the third and fourth maintenance periods of 2018). This rise in liquidity needs was largely the result of an increase in net autonomous factors, which grew on average by €29.8 billion to €1,333.1 billion during the review period, while minimum reserve requirements increased on average by €2.5 billion to €126.7 billion.

The growth in net autonomous factors was mainly due to an increase in liquidity-absorbing factors, partially offset by an increase in liquidity-providing factors. Among liquidity-absorbing factors, government deposits and banknotes in circulation accounted for the most significant changes, rising on average by €20 billion to €259.4 billion and by €16.6 billion to €1,193.1 billion respectively. These increases were partially offset by increases in the liquidity-providing factors, in particular net assets denominated in euro, which rose on average by €8.9 billion to €200.1 billion. Eurosystem liabilities to non‑euro area residents in euro decreased on average by €9.5 billion, reflecting a less pronounced seasonal pattern than during the previous review period and thus contributing positively to the (liquidity-providing) average net assets denominated in euro.

The day-to-day volatility of autonomous factors remained broadly unchanged from the previous review period. The daily fluctuations of autonomous factors came primarily from government deposits and net assets denominated in euro, with higher volatility being observed around the September 2018 quarter-end and other month-end dates during the period under review.

Liquidity provided through monetary policy instruments

The average amount of liquidity provided through open market operations – including both tender operations and APP purchases – increased by €53 billion to €3,344.1 billion (see Chart A). This increase was fully attributable to net APP purchases, while demand for tender operations decreased slightly.

The average amount of liquidity provided through tender operations declined slightly over the review period, by €14 billion to €739.1 billion. This decrease was entirely due to a lower average outstanding amount of targeted longer-term refinancing operations (TLTROs), which decreased by €14.1 billion. The decline in outstanding TLTRO funds was largely related to the maturing of the TLTRO‑I operations and voluntary repayments of the first and second TLTRO‑II operations in September 2018, which amounted to a total of €12.6 billion. The average liquidity provided through MROs increased by €2.9 billion to €4.8 billion, which was almost fully offset by a decline in liquidity provided through three‑month longer‑term refinancing operations (LTROs), which fell on average by €2.8 billion to €4.6 billion.

Liquidity provided through the Eurosystem’s monetary policy portfolios increased by €67 billion to €2,604.9 billion on average, on the back of ongoing net APP purchases. Liquidity provided by the public sector purchase programme, the third covered bond purchase programme and the corporate sector purchase programme rose on average by €63.6 billion, €3.8 billion and €9.5 billion respectively. However, the asset-backed securities purchase programme marginally declined on average by €0.2 billion on account of net redemptions of security holdings. Redemptions of bonds held under the Securities Markets Programme and the previous two covered bond purchase programmes totalled €9.7 billion.

Excess liquidity

As a consequence of the developments detailed above, average excess liquidity increased slightly compared with the previous review period, rising by €20.8 billion to €1,884.3 billion (see Chart A). This increase reflects the liquidity provided through the APP purchases, which was only partially absorbed by higher net autonomous factors, mainly in the sixth maintenance period. In fact, while excess liquidity grew by €59.4 billion in the fifth maintenance period, it declined again by €19 billion in the sixth maintenance period. This reversal was partly driven by the developments in net autonomous factors, which fell by €33.5 billion before rising again by €43.9 billion during the fifth and sixth maintenance periods, respectively. Regarding the allocation of excess liquidity holdings between current accounts and the deposit facility, average current account holdings grew by €26.2 billion to €1,358 billion, while average recourse to the deposit facility marginally declined by €2.9 billion to €653 billion.

Interest rate developments

Overnight unsecured and secured money market rates remained close to the ECB deposit facility rate, or slightly below it for specific collateral baskets in the secured money market segment. In the unsecured market, the euro overnight index average (EONIA) averaged −0.363%, unchanged from the previous review period. The EONIA fluctuated between a low of −0.371% observed on 12 September and on 17 October and a high of −0.342% on the last day of August 2018. Regarding the secured market, the spread between the average overnight repo rates for the standard and the extended collateral baskets in the general collateral (GC) pooling market[2]narrowed substantially in an environment of low trading volumes. Compared to the previous period, the average overnight repo rate for the standard collateral basket increased by 22 basis points to −0.419%, while for the extended collateral basket it declined by 10 basis points to −0.404%.

The September quarter-end decline in repo rates for collateral from most euro area countries was slightly more visible than at the March and June quarter-ends, but was still relatively moderate compared to the 2017 quarter-ends. While, at the end of June, overnight GC repo rates declined by only 2 basis points for French collateral and by only 5 basis points for German collateral, at the end of September the same repo rates decreased by 11 basis points and 15 basis points, respectively, to −0.61% and −0.65%. On the other hand, the GC repo rate for Italian collateral increased by 6 basis points to −0.33% at the end of September, which compares with a 3 basis points rise at the end of June. Repo rates for all euro area countries returned to previous levels immediately after the quarter-end. All in all, the Eurosystem public sector purchase programme securities lending facility continued to support the smooth functioning of repo markets.

 

Liquidity conditions and monetary policy operations in the period from 1 August to 30 October 2018 (HTML)

EBA launches consultation to amend regulation on benchmarking of internal models

Gen 04 2019

The European Banking Authority (EBA) launched today a consultation to amend the Commission’s Implementing Regulation on benchmarking of internal models to adjust the benchmarking portfolios and reporting requirements in view of the benchmarking exercise it will carry out in 2020. The proposed changes aim at simplifying the portfolio’s structure for the credit risk part of the exercise, and getting more insights into the model used for pricing for the market risk part of the exercise. The consultation will run until 31st January 2019.

Based on the feedback received from the recent interactions with institutions, the EBA’s proposals included in this Consultation Paper aim at facilitating the reporting for the credit risk portfolios. The simplification of the structure of the data collection as well as the reduction of the number of portfolios is expected to enhance the data quality. Furthermore, the objective is to keep the structure of the portfolios stable for the 2021 exercise.

The main changes in the definitions of the credit risk portfolios are (1) a reduction in the number of portfolios to be submitted, (2) a simplification and alignment in the structure of the portfolios to be submitted and (3) a number of technical refinements, such as the inclusion of covered bonds, an update of the Indexed loan-to-value range (ILTV), Statistical Classification of Economic Activities of the EU (NACE) and Credit Risk Mitigation (CRM) splits, and the introduction of a sub sample of large corporates with revenue below or above 500m€.

The EBA is also proposing minor consistency updates as well as a data collection of the sensitivities aiming at further improving the data quality.

Draft Implementing Technical Standards with regard to benchmarking of internal models (PDF)

EIOPA reports on consumer trends
di Silvia dell’Acqua

Gen 04 2019
EIOPA reports on consumer trends  di Silvia dell’Acqua

As required by Article #9 of EIOPA’s founding regulation, the Authority shall collect and report on consumer trends with the aim of identifying risks for the customers arising from trends in the market that may require policy proposals or supervisory actions.

EIOPA publishes a Consumer Trends Report once a year and has disclosed the seventh version in December 2018. The report provides a description of the main market developments, complemented with an analysis of quantitative data and additional information derived from 2016 and 2017 Solvency II data.

The main outcomes are

  • Increase of total Gross Written Premiums (GWP) for selected Lines of Business (LoBs) in the European Economic Area (EEA): +11% in 2017, with significant differences among member states (e.g. +70% in UK, -28% in ES).

 

  • The life insurance sector continues to be significantly larger than non-life sector. Life premiums continue to represent 50% or more of total GWP in many member states (e.g. IT or UK).

 

  • Growth in life insurance was led by a common increase in Index Linked (IL) and Unit Linked (UL) products (+42% in 2017). Despite of that, a number of NCAs have noticed that IL and UL policies reaching maturity have not always delivered the expected returns, leading to a negative media coverage that turned out into a drop in sales in some member states. Insurance with participation continued to decrease (-9% in 2017 EEA level) because of the law rate environment which affects both the demand (consumers seek for high returns) and the offer (insurers shift away from products with guarantees).

 

  • Commission rates (percentage of the premium used to pay commissions) for the life sector are quite stable, showing the highest rates for the class “other life insurance”. There are anyway commission rates above 20%.

 

  • The sale of mortgage life insurance (and also Payment Protection Insurances (PPI) in the non-lie sector) jointly with consumer loans continues to be a practice in many Member States. Despite several measures put in place at the European and national levels to address some of the challenges brought along by sale of mortgage life insurance, there still are some concerns, revealed by the increasing number of complaints. High commissions and remuneration structures could potentially encourage the sale of these products even if consumers may not need or request them. This could lead to intermediaries potentially adopting pressure sales tactics, leveraging on the fact that consumers are focused on the primary product, being reluctant to look for a better insurance product elsewhere. Finally, as both the number of ancillary intermediaries and the segmentation in the distribution chain increases, it is difficult for supervisory authorities to assess whether these intermediaries have enough professional competence to properly advice consumers and explain the features, risks, and benefits of the products.

 

  • The non-life sector remained stable (+0.3% GWP in 2017), after continuous growth over the part years. The most prominent product is still the motor vehicle insurance, although the medical expense one is the most important single LoB in terms of GWP.

 

  • The purchase of motor insurance products has been strongly affected by the usage of innovation and technology: consumers use price comparison websites (PCW). In UK in 2017 60% of policies were purchased or arranged though PCW; a similar picture was seen in IT.

 

  • The claims ratios for motor liability insurance decreased thanks to a lower number of car accidents, higher premiums and stricter policies. These ratios are still high and steadily above 60%.

 

  • The growth in accident and health insurance products was driven by the need of consumers to complement the public insurance system. It was also fostered by the technology, which had made both policies premiums cheaper and the claims submissions easier.

 

  • The usage of Big Data in the health insurance has a strong potential to increase and become a standard practice. Allowing for a better risk assessment, it can have a positive impact on consumers but it can also turn into a challenge for consumers and supervisors. On one hand the usage of Big Data can help in lowering prices, in tailoring products on the clients’ needs and in identifying new risks and covering them, but on the other side it can undermine the risk-pooling solidarity principle, potentially making the policies unaffordable for some customers segments (e.g. consumers with pre-existing conditions)
    • IT has experience an increase in health insurance products linked to smartphones and other wearable devices. The data collected by such devices are often used by insurers to give a discount at renewal, but also to monitor the policyholders’ health and offer specific programs to improve it
    • In the UK many market players offer a variety of products using this technology and some insurers sell traditional insurances taking into account physical activity when calculating the premiums.
    • In FR and DE insurers have begun to offer add-on products using Big Data, such as coaching on how to prevent sickness and diseases and improve the life style.

 

  • The total number of complains has just slightly increased compared to 2016, with non-life insurance products that continue to generate the highest number of complains and travel insurance related complains that have experiences the highest growth (+85%), while the life insurance products related complains continue to drop.

 

  • No major changes have been reported in the European pension sector, for both occupational and personal pensions. In 2017 the total number of occupational active members across the EEA gradually increase mostly due to the continued economic recovery and improvements in many labour markets, while the evolution in terms of numbers of personal pension scheme is diverse across member states.

 

  • Pension funds need to consider long term risks, which may be associated to their investments, including climate changes.

 

  • There are many different ways in which member states and pension funds are currently implementing these ESG requirements

 

  • NCAs are still concerned with potential conduct risks in relation to life insurance products. They carried out several activities to identify, prevent, and manage such risks. For example:
    • In FI, the NCA conducted inspections and found that complex investment products were sold as underlying assets of insurance-based investment products, being targeted to elderly people without providing them with necessary information.
    • In IT the NCA continued the work on dormant life policies by asking insurers to adopt a plan to address the shortcomings identified and by assisting them in performing cross-checks with the Tax Authority, to verify the death of policyholders and identify beneficiaries.

 

Il termometro dei mercati finanziari (28 dicembre 2018)
a cura di Emilio Barucci e Daniele Marazzina

Dic 29 2018
Il termometro dei mercati finanziari (28 dicembre 2018)  a cura di Emilio Barucci e Daniele Marazzina

L’iniziativa di Finriskalert.it “Il termometro dei mercati finanziari” vuole presentare un indicatore settimanale sul grado di turbolenza/tensione dei mercati finanziari, con particolare attenzione all’Italia.

Significato degli indicatori

  • Rendimento borsa italiana: rendimento settimanale dell’indice della borsa italiana FTSEMIB;
  • Volatilità implicita borsa italiana: volatilità implicita calcolata considerando le opzioni at-the-money sul FTSEMIB a 3 mesi;
  • Future borsa italiana: valore del future sul FTSEMIB;
  • CDS principali banche 10Ysub: CDS medio delle obbligazioni subordinate a 10 anni delle principali banche italiane (Unicredit, Intesa San Paolo, MPS, Banco BPM);
  • Tasso di interesse ITA 2Y: tasso di interesse costruito sulla curva dei BTP con scadenza a due anni;
  • Spread ITA 10Y/2Y : differenza del tasso di interesse dei BTP a 10 anni e a 2 anni;
  • Rendimento borsa europea: rendimento settimanale dell’indice delle borse europee Eurostoxx;
  • Volatilità implicita borsa europea: volatilità implicita calcolata sulle opzioni at-the-money sull’indice Eurostoxx a scadenza 3 mesi;
  • Rendimento borsa ITA/Europa: differenza tra il rendimento settimanale della borsa italiana e quello delle borse europee, calcolato sugli indici FTSEMIB e Eurostoxx;
  • Spread ITA/GER: differenza tra i tassi di interesse italiani e tedeschi a 10 anni;
  • Spread EU/GER: differenza media tra i tassi di interesse dei principali paesi europei (Francia, Belgio, Spagna, Italia, Olanda) e quelli tedeschi a 10 anni;
  • Euro/dollaro: tasso di cambio euro/dollaro;
  • Spread US/GER 10Y: spread tra i tassi di interesse degli Stati Uniti e quelli tedeschi con scadenza 10 anni;
  • Prezzo Oro: quotazione dell’oro (in USD)
  • Spread 10Y/2Y Euro Swap Curve: differenza del tasso della curva EURO ZONE IRS 3M a 10Y e 2Y;
  • Euribor 6M: tasso euribor a 6 mesi.

I colori sono assegnati in un’ottica VaR: se il valore riportato è superiore (inferiore) al quantile al 15%, il colore utilizzato è l’arancione. Se il valore riportato è superiore (inferiore) al quantile al 5% il colore utilizzato è il rosso. La banda (verso l’alto o verso il basso) viene selezionata, a seconda dell’indicatore, nella direzione dell’instabilità del mercato. I quantili vengono ricostruiti prendendo la serie storica di un anno di osservazioni: ad esempio, un valore in una casella rossa significa che appartiene al 5% dei valori meno positivi riscontrati nell’ultimo anno. Per le prime tre voci della sezione “Politica Monetaria”, le bande per definire il colore sono simmetriche (valori in positivo e in negativo). I dati riportati provengono dal database Thomson Reuters. Infine, la tendenza mostra la dinamica in atto e viene rappresentata dalle frecce: ↑,↓, ↔  indicano rispettivamente miglioramento, peggioramento, stabilità.

Disclaimer: Le informazioni contenute in questa pagina sono esclusivamente a scopo informativo e per uso personale. Le informazioni possono essere modificate da finriskalert.it in qualsiasi momento e senza preavviso. Finriskalert.it non può fornire alcuna garanzia in merito all’affidabilità, completezza, esattezza ed attualità dei dati riportati e, pertanto, non assume alcuna responsabilità per qualsiasi danno legato all’uso, proprio o improprio delle informazioni contenute in questa pagina. I contenuti presenti in questa pagina non devono in alcun modo essere intesi come consigli finanziari, economici, giuridici, fiscali o di altra natura e nessuna decisione d’investimento o qualsiasi altra decisione deve essere presa unicamente sulla base di questi dati.

Il termometro dei mercati finanziari (21 dicembre 2018)
a cura di Emilio Barucci e Daniele Marazzina

Dic 22 2018
Il termometro dei mercati finanziari (21 dicembre 2018)  a cura di Emilio Barucci e Daniele Marazzina

L’iniziativa di Finriskalert.it “Il termometro dei mercati finanziari” vuole presentare un indicatore settimanale sul grado di turbolenza/tensione dei mercati finanziari, con particolare attenzione all’Italia.

Significato degli indicatori

  • Rendimento borsa italiana: rendimento settimanale dell’indice della borsa italiana FTSEMIB;
  • Volatilità implicita borsa italiana: volatilità implicita calcolata considerando le opzioni at-the-money sul FTSEMIB a 3 mesi;
  • Future borsa italiana: valore del future sul FTSEMIB;
  • CDS principali banche 10Ysub: CDS medio delle obbligazioni subordinate a 10 anni delle principali banche italiane (Unicredit, Intesa San Paolo, MPS, Banco BPM);
  • Tasso di interesse ITA 2Y: tasso di interesse costruito sulla curva dei BTP con scadenza a due anni;
  • Spread ITA 10Y/2Y : differenza del tasso di interesse dei BTP a 10 anni e a 2 anni;
  • Rendimento borsa europea: rendimento settimanale dell’indice delle borse europee Eurostoxx;
  • Volatilità implicita borsa europea: volatilità implicita calcolata sulle opzioni at-the-money sull’indice Eurostoxx a scadenza 3 mesi;
  • Rendimento borsa ITA/Europa: differenza tra il rendimento settimanale della borsa italiana e quello delle borse europee, calcolato sugli indici FTSEMIB e Eurostoxx;
  • Spread ITA/GER: differenza tra i tassi di interesse italiani e tedeschi a 10 anni;
  • Spread EU/GER: differenza media tra i tassi di interesse dei principali paesi europei (Francia, Belgio, Spagna, Italia, Olanda) e quelli tedeschi a 10 anni;
  • Euro/dollaro: tasso di cambio euro/dollaro;
  • Spread US/GER 10Y: spread tra i tassi di interesse degli Stati Uniti e quelli tedeschi con scadenza 10 anni;
  • Prezzo Oro: quotazione dell’oro (in USD)
  • Spread 10Y/2Y Euro Swap Curve: differenza del tasso della curva EURO ZONE IRS 3M a 10Y e 2Y;
  • Euribor 6M: tasso euribor a 6 mesi.

I colori sono assegnati in un’ottica VaR: se il valore riportato è superiore (inferiore) al quantile al 15%, il colore utilizzato è l’arancione. Se il valore riportato è superiore (inferiore) al quantile al 5% il colore utilizzato è il rosso. La banda (verso l’alto o verso il basso) viene selezionata, a seconda dell’indicatore, nella direzione dell’instabilità del mercato. I quantili vengono ricostruiti prendendo la serie storica di un anno di osservazioni: ad esempio, un valore in una casella rossa significa che appartiene al 5% dei valori meno positivi riscontrati nell’ultimo anno. Per le prime tre voci della sezione “Politica Monetaria”, le bande per definire il colore sono simmetriche (valori in positivo e in negativo). I dati riportati provengono dal database Thomson Reuters. Infine, la tendenza mostra la dinamica in atto e viene rappresentata dalle frecce: ↑,↓, ↔  indicano rispettivamente miglioramento, peggioramento, stabilità.

Disclaimer: Le informazioni contenute in questa pagina sono esclusivamente a scopo informativo e per uso personale. Le informazioni possono essere modificate da finriskalert.it in qualsiasi momento e senza preavviso. Finriskalert.it non può fornire alcuna garanzia in merito all’affidabilità, completezza, esattezza ed attualità dei dati riportati e, pertanto, non assume alcuna responsabilità per qualsiasi danno legato all’uso, proprio o improprio delle informazioni contenute in questa pagina. I contenuti presenti in questa pagina non devono in alcun modo essere intesi come consigli finanziari, economici, giuridici, fiscali o di altra natura e nessuna decisione d’investimento o qualsiasi altra decisione deve essere presa unicamente sulla base di questi dati.

Basel Committee: requirements to address leverage ratio window-dressing

Dic 16 2018

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision today published a consultative document entitled Revisions to leverage ratio disclosure requirements.

The Basel III leverage ratio standard comprises a 3% minimum level that banks must meet at all times, a buffer for global systemically important banks and a set of public disclosure requirements. For the purpose of disclosure requirements, banks must report the leverage ratio on a quarter-end basis or, subject to approval by national supervisors, report a measure based on averaging (eg using an average of exposure amounts based on daily or month-end values).

Heightened volatility in various segments of money markets and derivatives markets around key reference dates (eg quarter-end dates) has alerted the Basel Committee to potential regulatory arbitrage by banks. A particular concern is “window-dressing”, in the form of temporary reductions of transaction volumes in key financial markets around reference dates resulting in the reporting and public disclosure of elevated leverage ratios. In this regard, the Committee published a newsletter in October 2018 in which it indicated that window-dressing by banks is unacceptable, as it undermines the intended policy objectives of the leverage ratio requirement and risks disrupting the operations of financial markets.

This consultative document seeks the views of stakeholders on revisions to leverage ratio Pillar 3 disclosure requirements to include, in addition to current requirements , disclosures of the leverage ratio exposure measure amounts of securities financing transactions, derivatives replacement cost and central bank reserves calculated using daily averages over the reporting quarter.

 

Revisions to leverage ratio disclosure requirements (PDF)

Pillar 3 disclosure requirements (PDF)

Statement on leverage ratio window-dressing behaviour – October 2018 (HTML)

FSB: Regional Consultative Group for the CIS

Dic 16 2018

Today, the Central Bank of Armenia hosted the eighth meeting of the Financial Stability Board (FSB) Regional Consultative Group for the Commonwealth of Independent States (RCG for the CIS) in Yerevan.

Members of the RCG for the CIS were informed of the main outcomes of the FSB and G20’s work in 2018 and policy priorities for 2019. At present, the FSB is turning its attention to the monitoring of implementation of the regulatory reforms and analysis of their impact on international financial system stability. In 2018 the FSB evaluated the effects of the reforms on incentives to centrally clear over-the-counter derivatives and on infrastructure investment finance. Both evaluations found that, overall, the effects of the reforms were positive. This conclusion is supported by positive developments in the global financial system, notably an increase in the sustainability of growth, the resumption of credit growth and an increase in the share of over-the-counter derivatives contracts that are centrally cleared. Conversely, the global economic outlook is being put under pressure through a widening of sovereign and corporative bond yields, rising interest rates and inflation expectations in some advanced economies, exchange rate depreciation in developing economies and geopolitical risks.

Members also discussed developments in the global financial markets and their impact on national economies. It was observed that the main vulnerabilities in many CIS countries are persistent current account deficits, insufficient levels of international reserves and high levels of public and private sector debt. These factors can be triggered by the tightening of monetary policy in some advanced economies, escalating trade disputes, and general policy uncertainty that may accelerate capital outflows from emerging market and developing economies, including the CIS. To minimise such risks members said that it is important to restore economic policy space, continue structural reforms aimed at increasing growth and strengthen oversight of public and private sector debt (especially those denominated in foreign currency).

Members expressed great interest in risks arising from the use of financial technology (FinTech). The FSB report on Crypto-asset markets: markets: Potential channels for future financial stability implications was discussed by members and it was concluded that understanding risks remains a challenge, but that the very low volumes of crypto-assets both globally and in the region do not give rise to material  financial stability risks at this time. Nevertheless, further developments should be monitored and may require the coordination of policy measures at the global level, including consumer and investor protection, and anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism regulation and supervision. Members will discuss this matter at future meetings.

The Group discussed approaches to mitigate cyber security risks confronted by financial institutions. In particular, they considered regulatory and supervisory steps taken by authorities to facilitate both the mitigation of cyber security risk by financial institutions and their effective response to, and recovery from, cyber security incidents. During their exchange of views, members recognised the importance of ex ante contingency plans for cyber incidents, information sharing and monitoring.

The meeting was concluded with a discussion of financial stability and its role in the mandate of a central bank. Members recalled that, prior to the crisis, monetary and financial stability were frequently thought of separately; this is no longer the case. In this context, they noted that financial stability has a macroprudential or systemic dimension that cannot be ignored and that in some jurisdictions this may give rise to institutional challenges. Members of the RCG for the CIS agreed to conduct a study on the role of financial stability in the mandate of the central bank and its analytical framework, including a survey of central bank policies and a stocktake of international practices. The Group will issue a report summarising its findings and offering recommendations.

The RCG for the CIS is co-chaired by Deputy Minister Sergey Storchak, Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, and Deputy Governor Nerses Yeritsyan, Central Bank of Armenia. The membership includes financial authorities from Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Russia and Tajikistan. Switzerland and the Eurasian Economic Commission are invited to the meetings of the RCG for the CIS as permanent observers.

EIOPA: results of the 2018 insurance stress test

Dic 16 2018

The European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) published today the results of its 2018 and fourth Stress Test for the European insurance sector. This year’s exercise assessed the participating insurers’ resilience to the following three severe but plausible scenarios:

  •   A yield curve up shock combined with lapse and provisions deficiency shocks, which means there is a sudden and sizeable repricing of risk premia and a significant increase in claims inflation.
  •   A yield curve down shock combined with longevity stress, which means there is a protracted period of extremely low interest rates accompanied by an increase in the life expectancy.
  •   A series of natural catastrophes where European countries are hit in a quick succession of four windstorms, two floods and two earthquakes.

In this year’s exercise 42 European (re)insurance groups participated representing a market coverage of around 75 % based on total consolidate assets. The reference date was 31 December 2017.

The impact of the different scenarios on the balance sheet position and on the capital position of the participating groups was assessed by the excess of Assets over Liabilities and an estimation of the post-stress Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR) ratio. Given the operational and methodological challenges related to the recalculation of the group SCR, participating groups were allowed to use approximations and simplifications as long as a fair reflection of the direction and magnitude of the impact was warranted.

In the pre-stress (baseline) situation, participants reported an aggregate Assets over Liabilities (AoL) ratio of 109.5 % and a pre-stress SCR coverage of 202.4 %.

Overall, the exercise confirmed the significant sensitivity to market shocks combined with specific shocks relevant for the European insurance sector. On aggregate, the sector is adequately capitalised to absorb the prescribed shocks.

In the ‘yield curve up’ scenario, the excess of assets over liabilities is reduced by approximately one third (-32.2 %) and the aggregate post-stress SCR ratio drops to 145.2 %. Six groups reported a post-stress SCR ratio below 100 %.

In the ‘yield curve down’ scenario, the impact on the excess of assets over liabilities is of similar magnitude (-27.6 %) with an aggregate post-stress SCR ratio of 137.4 %. Seven groups reported a post-stress SCR ratio below 100 %.

In the natural catastrophe scenario only a small decrease of 0.3 percentage points of assets over liabilities ratio was reported. Overall, the participating groups demonstrate a high resilience to the series of natural catastrophes tested, showing the importance of the risk transfer mechanisms in place, namely reinsurance, which absorbed 55 % of the losses. Consequently, the most affected groups are reinsurers and those direct insurers largely involved in reinsurance activities.

One of the objectives of this year’s exercise, in line with the recent recommendations from the European Court of Auditors, was to increase transparency by requesting the voluntary disclosure of a list of individual stress test indicators by the participating groups. To date, four of the 42 participating groups provided consent to the publication of the individual results.

Gabriel Bernardino, Chairman of EIOPA said: “This stress test marks an important step forward in assessing the resilience of the European insurance sector to a set of adverse but plausible scenarios and provides a valuable basis for a continuous dialogue with the participating groups on the identified vulnerabilities and the preventive measures and potential management actions to address them, should they materialise.”

 

EIOPA- 2018 Stress test complete report (PDF)

EBA: improvements in EU banks resilience but new challenges are coming

Dic 16 2018

The European Banking Authority (EBA) published today its annual report on risks and vulnerabilities in the EU banking sector. The report is accompanied by the results of the EBA’s 2018 EU-wide transparency exercise, which provide detailed information, in a comparable and accessible format, for 130 banks across the EU. Overall, the EU banking sector has continued to benefit from the positive macroeconomic developments in most European countries, which contributed to the increase in lending, further strengthening of banks’ capital ratios and improvements in asset quality. Profitability remains low on average and has not yet reached sustainable levels.

 

 Source: European Banking Authority (EBA)

 

EU banks’ solvency ratios have increased, despite rising risk weighted assets (RWA) during the last two quarters. Since June 2017, CET1 ratios have increased from 14.3% to 14.5% on a transitional and from 14.0% to 14.3% on a fully loaded basis. The composition of capital keeps moving towards a greater reliance on retained earnings and other reserves.

Asset quality has further improved. The average NPL ratio of EU banks has decreased from 4.4% in June 2017 to 3.6% in June 2018. It has reached its lowest level since the NPL definition was harmonised across the EU in 2014, when it stood at 6.5%. NPL sales have contributed significantly to these reductions. However, vulnerabilities from downside risks to economic growth, revival of protectionism and elevated political risk remain high, which might jeopardise banks’ efforts to reduce legacy assets.

Profitability has virtually not changed since last year with an average return on equity (RoE) at 7.2% as of June 2018. EU banks’ net interest income has continued its declining trend in recent quarters, despite growing lending volumes, tightening the net interest margin further. Profitability has however benefited from the reduction of impairments and the increase of net fee and commission income. High costs and low efficiency represent a major driver of the poor performance of the EU banking sector. Costs dynamics are affected by elevated IT related expenses.

Despite increasing stable customer deposit funding, banks are facing key challenges on the liability side. Replacing financing from central banks will be a key driver for banks’ funding plans. Another driver are issuance needs of instruments for meeting the minimum requirement for own funds and eligible liabilities (MREL). In developing and exercising their funding strategies banks should also be aware of the resurgence of market volatility and a potential upcoming interest rate increase.

Operational risks in EU banks have again been on the rise. ICT-related risks are currently one of the main challenges for EU banks, with cyber risks and data security being the main drivers. At the same time, conduct and legal risks, including breach of anti-money laundering regulations, have been on the rise in 2018.

Looking forward, risks to the global economy are increasing with growing geopolitical tensions, coupled with uncertainties surrounding financial and economic conditions in emerging markets economies. Banks need to be prepared for adverse scenarios, which might impact funding, asset quality and profitability.

Attitudini individuali, conoscenze finanziarie e financial control
di Nadia Linciano, Monica Gentile e Paola Soccorso

Dic 16 2018
Attitudini individuali, conoscenze finanziarie e financial control  di Nadia Linciano, Monica Gentile e Paola Soccorso

Le evidenze del Rapporto CONSOB sulle scelte di investimento delle famiglie italiane per il 2018

La quarta edizione del Rapporto CONSOB sulle scelte di investimento delle famiglie italiane arricchisce l’articolazione delle edizioni precedenti attraverso la rilevazione di alcune variabili attitudinali che possono orientare i comportamenti di financial control, relativi a pianificazione finanziaria, gestione del budget familiare, indebitamento e risparmio [2].

Il financial control

La gestione delle finanze personali e del bilancio familiare dovrebbe idealmente collocarsi nell’ambito di un processo strutturato che, nel solco di una sorta di ‘filiera’ del risparmio, parte dalla pianificazione finanziaria e dal budgeting per passare alle decisioni di risparmio e impiego dello stesso fino a concludersi con il monitoraggio e con le eventuali, necessarie revisioni del piano finanziario. Questi comportamenti, che nel complesso concorrono a definire il cosiddetto financial control, sono ancora poco diffusi. Solo un terzo dei decisori finanziari italiani dichiara di avere un piano finanziario (prevalentemente pluriennale), che monitora periodicamente (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. La pianificazione finanziaria

Fra coloro che non predispongono un piano finanziario, meno del 10% ne riconosce l’importanza, mentre circa il 65% lo ritiene inutile (Fig. 2).

 

Fig. 2. Fattori disincentivanti la pianificazione finanziaria

Rispetto alla pianificazione finanziaria, che presuppone la capacità di proiettarsi nel medio-lungo periodo, la definizione e la gestione di un bilancio familiare potrebbero essere potenzialmente temi più ‘salienti’ per chi deve gestire il denaro all’interno del nucleo familiare e per questo risultare più diffusi. Le evidenze disponibili, tuttavia, sembrerebbero smentire questa ipotesi. Solo il 47% degli intervistati, infatti, definisce e si attiene strettamente a un budget, a fronte di un 30% che tiene traccia scritta delle spese (Fig. 2). Il rimanente 40% che afferma di monitorare il budget lo fa in modo ‘non rigoroso’, anche se la maggior parte del campione riferisce di valutare gli acquisti attentamente (oltre a saldare le utenze a scadenza e onorare i debiti contratti, comportamenti questi che l’OCSE individua tra i financially savvy behaviour; Fig. 3) [3].

 

Fig. 3. Il bilancio familiare e il monitoraggio delle spese

 

Fig. 4. Abitudini in tema di spese correnti e impegni finanziari

 

 

Pianificazione e controllo supportano la capacità di risparmio e favoriscono una visione chiara dello stato delle finanze personali. Per quanto riguarda il primo profilo, il risparmio regolare (che ricorre, soprattutto per motivi precauzionali, nel 40% dei casi circa) si associa positivamente con la propensione a pianificare (Fig. 5 e Report, Fig. 4.11).

Con riferimento al secondo aspetto, un quinto del campione non saprebbe come affrontare una riduzione significativa del reddito disponibile (il 30% dovrebbe rivedere al ribasso le abitudini di spesa, mentre lo stile di vita potrebbe rimanere inalterato per circa un quinto delle famiglie, prevalentemente grazie ai risparmi accumulati; Fig. 6). Tra coloro che non sono in grado di valutare come affrontare un possibile shock finanziario negativo l’83% non pianifica e l’89% appartiene alle classi di reddito più basse. In generale, proprio coloro che trarrebbero i principali benefici dalla pianificazione, ossia gli individui meno facoltosi e più vulnerabili, non ne comprendono il valore aggiunto.

Figura 5. Abitudini di risparmio

 

Figura 6. Resilienza percepita

 

A tal proposito, è interessante ricordare che i comportamenti di financial control si associano non solo a reddito e ricchezza finanziaria ma anche ad attitudini personali e conoscenze finanziarie.

… tra attitudini individuali …

In linea con un nutrito filone della letteratura comportamentale, l’indagine 2018 amplia in modo significativo la rilevazione delle attitudini psicologiche che possono orientare le scelte economico-finanziarie individuali. Sulla base dell’autovalutazione dei soggetti intervistati, la maggior parte del campione dichiara di essere incline all’utilizzo di informazioni numeriche e ad attività cognitive impegnative (rispettivamente, 36% e 40%); auto-efficacia e auto-controllo sono diffusi presso il 46% e il 24% del campione, rispettivamente; sono molto frequenti, infine, la propensione all’ottimismo e la fiducia negli altri (rispettivamente, 35% e 29%); l’ansia finanziaria, infine, caratterizza nella sua maggiore intensità il 10% del campione e si colloca a un livello ‘medio’ per il 40% degli intervistati (Fig. 2.2 – Fig. 2.7). Un ultimo profilo riguarda le ‘personalità finanziarie’ (cosiddetti behavioural investors’ type), di cui l’Indagine dà conto per la prima volta evidenziando, tra i caratteri più diffusi, la prevalenza dell’attitudine ad essere coscienzioso (Fig. 7).

 

Fig. 7. I behavioural investors’ types

 

La preferenza per le informazioni di tipo numerico sembra essere più frequente tra gli uomini e tra gli individui con un livello di istruzione più elevato, al contempo maggiormente inclini ad attività cognitive impegnative. La propensione verso l’ansia finanziaria è più comune tra le donne e gli intervistati con un grado di istruzione più basso, mentre risulta correlata negativamente con la percezione di auto-efficacia e l’ottimismo.

Non sorprende che pianificazione finanziaria, budgeting e risparmio si associno positivamente all’inclinazione verso le informazioni numeriche e alla capacità di auto-controllo, mentre l’ansia finanziaria sembra essere un fattore deterrente (si veda la Figura 4.4 del Rapporto).

… conoscenze finanziarie …

Risulta meno scontato, invece, il fatto che i comportamenti di financial control si correlino positivamente non solo con le conoscenze finanziarie effettive ma anche con le conoscenze percepite. Nel Rapporto per il 2018, le conoscenze finanziarie effettive sono state rilevate, come di consueto, sia rispetto a nozioni di base (in linea con le big five utilizzate da Anna Lusardi e coautori in numerosi studi) sia rispetto a nozioni più sofisticate. Le rilevazioni confermano il basso livello di financial knowledge delle famiglie italiane: in media, un intervistato su due non è in grado di definire correttamente le nozioni di base; il dato scende a meno di uno su cinque nel caso di concetti avanzati (Fig. 3.1). Le conoscenze percepite sono state misurate in vari modi: sia ex-ante (ossia prima di mettersi alla prova con il questionario) in una duplice declinazione (rispettivamente, una generica autovalutazione del livello complessivo di dimestichezza con nozioni economico-finanziarie e una specifica autovalutazione della conoscenza dei temi oggetto del questionario) sia ex post, consistente nella stima del numero di domande alle quali si pensa di aver risposto correttamente. Il 40% del campione dichiara di avere, nel complesso, un livello elevato di conoscenze finanziarie, anche se la stessa valutazione ex ante riferita alle singole nozioni oggetto di indagine registra in genere percentuali inferiori (Fig. 3.2). Tale disallineamento tra conoscenze effettive e percepite trova conferma anche nell’auto-valutazione ex post (Fig. 3.3 e Fig. 3.4). Il quadro delle conoscenze finanziarie si completa con la cosiddetta risk literacy, definita con riferimento alla familiarità con specifici prodotti finanziari e alla capacità di valutarne il rischio relativo. Tra gli strumenti più conosciuti si annoverano i titoli di Stato (indicati dal 54% degli intervistati), mentre solo il 10% del campione è in grado di ordinare correttamente alcune opzioni di investimento per livello di rischio (Rapporto, Fig. 3.6).

Le conoscenze finanziarie (reali e percepite) sono positivamente correlate al livello di istruzione e ad alcune inclinazioni personali (apprezzamento delle informazioni numeriche e delle attività cognitive impegnative), mentre risultano negativamente associate con l’ansia finanziaria. La cultura finanziaria, inoltre, mostra una correlazione negativa con la propensione a sopravvalutare le proprie conoscenze (così come emerge dall’auto-valutazione ex-post; Rapporto, Fig. 3.7).

Ulteriori approfondimenti dell’analisi delle attitudini individuali richiederebbero di rilevare anche le propensioni effettive: le distorsioni legate all’autorappresentazione potrebbero infatti generare un giudizio troppo favorevole della propria inclinazione verso ragionamento complesso, auto-efficacia e auto-controllo, ad esempio, che spiegherebbe l’associazione positiva tra tali attitudini e livello di conoscenze percepite.

… e attitudine al rischio e alle perdite

La maggior parte del campione mostra un’elevata avversione alle perdite (Fig. 3.9) e dichiara di non essere orientata all’assunzione di rischio nelle scelte di investimento (Fig. 3.10 del Rapporto). Tali attitudini sono più frequenti al crescere dell’età e della propensione all’ansia finanziaria, mentre risultano negativamente correlate con le conoscenze finanziarie, la preferenza per le informazioni numeriche, l’apprezzamento per le attività impegnative sul piano cognitivo e la ricchezza (Fig. 3.11 del Rapporto). Contrariamente alle attese, l’avversione alle perdite e al rischio non si accompagna ad abitudini virtuose come quella della pianificazione finanziaria: gli individui che più degli altri temono le perdite o avversano il rischio generalmente non cercano di affrontare le proprie paure (come quella di perdite di capitale) optando per atteggiamenti più prudenti e attenti. Allo scopo di affinare la rilevazione della capacità emotiva di affrontare una riduzione del valore del capitale investito, Il Rapporto 2018 si arricchisce rispetto agli anni precedenti aggiungendo alle classiche domande volte alla misurazione di tolleranza al rischio e preferenza per il rischio una dedicata alla tolleranza alle perdite nel breve termine: tale attitudine, riferibile a circa un quarto degli intervistati, si associa positivamente alla decisione di partecipare ai mercati finanziari e ad altri comportamenti ‘virtuosi’, come ad esempio la propensione a non avvalersi del cosiddetto informal advice; essa è inoltre più frequente tra gli individui più sicuri della propria abilità di raggiungere gli obiettivi prefissati (auto-efficacia), più inclini all’auto-controllo e con conoscenze finanziarie più elevate (Rapporto, Fig. 3.11, Fig. 4.10 e Fig. 4.11).

 

Concludendo: dietro i comportamenti le intenzioni

Le associazioni tra attitudini, conoscenze, caratteristiche socio-demografiche e comportamenti di financial control trovano una potenziale sistematizzazione nell’ambito dello schema concettuale tracciato dalla cosiddetta Theory of planned behaviour (TPB), oggetto dell’approfondimento del Rapporto 2018.

Secondo questa teoria, infatti, i comportamenti osservati sono direttamente influenzati dalle intenzioni, che a loro volta sono associate a tre ‘costrutti psicologici’: l’attitudine verso il comportamento anche in termini di giudizio sulla sua importanza ed utilità; la pressione sociale avvertita a supporto del comportamento; il livello di controllo sul processo percepito. I costrutti psicologici sono a loro volta influenzati da caratteristiche individuali, profili socio-demografici e livelli di informazione e conoscenza.

Il Rapporto fornisce un primo spunto circa l’inquadramento del financial control nel contesto della TPB analizzando l’intenzione dichiarata dagli intervistati di controllare le spese familiari. Le evidenze raccolte mostrano che l’intenzione di porre in essere scelte e azioni che si traducano nel concreto monitoraggio del bilancio familiare appare generalmente bassa. Altrettanto bassa è la pressione sociale percepita verso tale comportamento, così come la capacità di controllo del processo che condurrebbe al comportamento.

In conclusione, sensibilizzare sull’importanza della pianificazione finanziaria, del monitoraggio e del risparmio sembrerebbe essere il primo passaggio da affrontare per innalzare la percezione della necessità e dell’utilità di adoperarsi per l’innalzamento del financial control. Ciò dovrebbe essere realizzato anche attraverso un programma di comunicazione efficace, in grado di fare leva sulle attitudini individuali sinergiche rispetto ai comportamenti virtuosi (ad esempio, l’auto-controllo) e di mitigare i tratti individuali che viceversa giocano un ruolo avverso (ad esempio, l’ansia finanziaria).

In tal senso, è fortemente auspicabile adottare un approccio multidisciplinare all’educazione finanziaria, in grado di coniugare i contenuti tecnici con metodologie didattiche di sensibilizzazione e motivazione all’apprendimento, che agiscano sia sulla sfera cognitiva sia sulla sfera emotiva dei destinatari delle iniziative.

 

Nadia Linciano

Monica Gentile

Paola Soccorso [1]

Note

[1] Ufficio studi economici, CONSOB. Il presente intervento riprende e sviluppa alcuni temi documentati nel Report CONSOB sulle scelte di investimento delle famiglie italiane, curato da Nadia Linciano, Monica Gentile e Paola Soccorso. Le opinioni espresse sono personali e non impegnano in alcun modo l’Istituzione di appartenenza.

[2] La prima sezione del Report illustra i trend di ricchezza e risparmio delle famiglie italiane e dell’area euro; la seconda delinea le caratteristiche socio-demografiche e le attitudini individuali degli intervistati; la terza esplora competenze finanziarie e attitudine verso il rischio; la quarta sezione è dedicata al financial control; la quinta e la sesta indagano, rispettivamente, le scelte d’investimento e la domanda di consulenza finanziaria. Il Focus del Rapporto 2018 applica la theory of planned behaviour alle intenzioni di accrescere la cultura finanziaria e monitorare il bilancio familiare.

[3] G20/OECD (2017), INFE Report on adult financial literacy in G20 countries.