Christine Lagarde and the benefits of crypto-assets

Apr 17 2018

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) managing director Christine Lagarde approached the topic of crypto assets for the second time within a few weeks. One month ago, she expressed the possible drawbacks of crypto currencies market, focusing on the potential use for money laundering and the financing of terrorism (link below). Today, the intention was to disclose the bright side of crypto assets market, disentangling all benefits that these brand new financial products might bring about.

First of all, the number of cryptocurrencies available is doomed to decrease, thus we must focus on the crypto-assets which will mostly fit customers’demand and thus survive this market’s “natural” selection process. Secondly, she suggests policy makers to “keep an open mind” and to address their efforts towards a regulatory framework ” that minimizes risks while allowing the creative process to bear fruit”.

Before crypto-assets can earn a relevant place among the big changes in financial activities of this last century, they must earn the confidence of the public, and this confidence comes along with the support of authorities and consumers themselves. In this sense, international cooperation is fundamental , as crypto-assets know no boundaries: the consensus among regulatory authorities becomes then mandatory.

Furtherly, although the need of brokers and intermediaries will remain, crypto assets can promote a more diversified financial structure, and a more balanced relationship between centralized and decentralized service providers. This could enhance the capability of the financial systems to resist large shocks. We must however not forget that crypto assets might magnify the risks in trading leveraged products. In case the crypto-market ingests mainstream financial products, this threat will manifest in a faster transmission of financial shocks to all market segments.

“There should be systemic risk assessment and timely policy responses, as well as measures to protect consumers, investors, and market integrity” she continues, although the regulatory agenda must not discourage innovation, but instead learn from it. This includes also the possibility of letting central banks develop their own crypto-currencies, and use Distributer Ledger Technolgy (DLT) to increase the efficiency of financial markets. This last proposal has already been made by the Australian Securities Exchange, to manage clearing and settlement of transactions.

An Even-handed Approach to Crypto-Assets (HTML)

Addressing the Dark Side of the Crypto World (HTML)

Basel Committee: revisions to minimum capital requirements for market risk

Apr 12 2018

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision today issued  a revision to the minimum capital requirements for market risks which is available for public consultation. Improvements to the capital requirements for trading activities are a key component of the Committee’s duty of reforming global regulatory standards in view of the latest global financial crisis.

The proposed changes include:

  • changes to the measurement of the standardised approach to enhance its risk sensitivity (including changes to FX risk);
  • recalibration of standardised approach risk weights applicable to general interest rate risk, FX risk and equity risk;
  • revisions to the assessment process to determine whether a bank’s internal risk management models appropriately reflect the risks of individual trading desks;
  • identification of risk factors eligible for internal modelling are better clearified;
  • exposures subject to market risk capital requirements are thoroughly redefined.

The consultative document also proposes a recalibration of the Basel II standardized approach for banks with less material risk exposure. These proposals follow the decision by the Group of Governors and Heads of Supervision to extend the implementation date of the market risk standard to 1 January 2022, to give banks additional time to develop systems infrastructure and for the Committee to address certain aspects of the framework.

The Committee plans to finalise any revisions to the market risk standard as soon as possible to allow enough time for national implementation and for banks to develop the necessary infrastructure. The proposed revisions are designed to support smooth implementation of the standard.

Revisions to the minimum capital requirements for market risks (PDF)

ECB: economic conditions and monetary policy reviews

Apr 12 2018

The Governing Council of the European Central Bank (ECB) met in Frankfurt this March to discuss the latest accounts in monetary policy in Europe. The Council focused at first on the review of current financial and economic developments, and secondly on the proposal of new monetary policy strategies in the next future. We summarize here the main points:

 Financial market developments

  • Valuations across broad asset classes are consistent with continued optimism about the outlook for global growth.
  • Real long-term yields had risen by around 20 basis points in the Euro area since the start of the year. Part of this movement reflected adjustments in term premia, but it also likely reflected investors’ views on growth prospects
  • Expected earnings on equity markets are driven by two opposite forces: expected earnings were continuing to push stock valuations high, while the increase in discount rates was pulling stock prices low.
  • ASW for Debt Securities: only those of high-yield non-financial corporations (NFCs) had increased somewhat. When looking at sovereign yield spreads vis-à-vis Germany, the resilience had been notable.
  • Volatility in equity markets had been exacerbated by technical flows, such as those prompted by investors following risk-parity and short volatility trading strategies, but the VIX index had fallen back from the very high levels reached in early February 2018.

The global environment and economic and monetary developments in the euro area

  • Global activity and trade momentum remained sustained: global trade indicators pointed to sustained growth around the turn of the year. Global goods import growth had slowed in the fourth quarter but trade indicators were relatively afloat, with the global PMI standing above its long-term average.
  • Current Euro area economy is in an ongoing economic expansion. Favourable financing conditions and steady income and profit growth, together with a robust labour market, continued to be the key factors supporting aggregate demand. According to the latest data, Eurostat’s flash estimate had put euro area real GDP growth at 0.6%, quarter on quarter, in the fourth quarter. The expansion had been broad-based across sectors.
  • Outlook on Euro area economy reflects such positive developments, projecting real GDP growth at 2.5% in 2017, 2.4% in 2018 ,1.9% in 2019 and 1.7% in 2020. The favourable growth outlook was supported by a number of factors, including a continued global expansion, the ECB’s very accommodative monetary policy stance, improving labour markets and diminishing deleveraging pressures for NFCs and households.
  • Inflation as measured by the annual HCIP stood at 1.2% in February, down of 0.1% with respect to previous month. Measures of underlying inflation remained low by historical standards, although they had shown a marked improvement since the trough in 2016. Recent developments had confirmed a gradual upward trend. In the March ECB staff projections, headline inflation was expected to reach 1.7% in 2020, driven by underlying inflation, after 1.4% in both 2018 and 2019.
  • Money and Credit growth in the broad monetary aggregate M3 had remained robust and within the narrow range of 4.5-5.5% observed since the launch of the expanded asset purchase programme (APP) in early 2015. In January 2018 the annual growth rate of loans to NFCs had continued its upward trend, while the annual growth rate of loans to households had remained unchanged.
  • Banks’ capital ratios had continued to strengthen in the third quarter of 2017, reflecting mainly an increased positive contribution from recapitalisation. Balance sheet de-risking had also continued to support capital ratios, as asset quality had been improving in line with macroeconomic fundamentals and balance sheet restructuring.

Monetary policy decisions and communication

Taking into account the foregoing discussion among the members, on a proposal from the President, the Governing Council decided

  • Interest rates on the main refinancing operations, marginal lending facility and deposit facility would remain unchanged at 0.00%, 0.25% and -0.40% respectively.
  • Net asset purchases, at the current monthly pace of €30 billion, were intended to run until the end of September 2018, or beyond, until it saw a sustained adjustment in the path of inflation consistent with its inflation aim.
  • Principal payments under the APP, that is, from maturing securities purchased under the APP will be reinvested for an extended period of time after the end of the net asset purchases, and in any case for as long as necessary. This would contribute both to favourable liquidity conditions and to an appropriate monetary policy stance.

 

Account of the monetary policy meeting (complete)

CPMI/IOSCO: supervisory stress testing of CCPs

Apr 12 2018

The Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI) and the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) today published the Framework for supervisory stress testing of central counterparties (CCPs).  The framework provides authorities with guidance to support their design and implementation of supervisory stress tests for CCPs.

In April 2015, the G20 finance ministers and central bank Governors asked the Financial Stability Board to work with the CPMI, IOSCO and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to develop a workplan for identifying and addressing gaps and potential financial stability risks relating to CCPs that are systemic across multiple jurisdictions and for enhancing their resolvability (the joint CCP workplan).

Since then, the committees have published guidance to enhance CCPs’ resilience, recovery and resolvability. The report published today addresses another key aspect of the joint CCP workplan. The CCP supervisory stress testing framework is designed to support tests conducted by one or more authorities that examine the potential macro-level impact of a common stress event affecting multiple CCPs.

Among other things, such supervisory stress tests could help authorities better understand the scope and magnitude of the interdependencies between markets, CCPs and other entities such as participants, liquidity providers and custodians. This type of supervisory stress test is different from, yet may complement, other stress testing activities conducted by authorities seeking to evaluate the resilience of individual CCPs.

In June 2017, the CPMI and IOSCO published the Consultative report: Framework for supervisory stress testing of central counterparties (CCPs). During the consultation period, they held an industry workshop with representatives from
various market sectors and authorities from different jurisdictions. The comments received emphasised the importance of:

  1. Seeking feedback from different stakeholders on the design and operational aspects of a supervisory stress test;
  2. Managing the resource burden associated with these tests;
  3.  Protecting data;
  4.  Promoting the transparency of test methodology and results as much as possible

 

Framework for supervisory stress testing of central counterparties (PDF)

ESA: latest report on risks in the securities, insurance and banking sector

Apr 12 2018

The securities, banking and insurance sectors  in the European Union (EU) is affected by several different risk sources, which are periodically reported by the Joint Committee of the European Supervisory Authorities (ESAs) shows. In the second half of 2017, ESA highlighted the set of risks of major concern for financial stability as grouped in three categories:

  • sudden repricing of risk premia (as showed by the recent spike in volatility);
     
  • uncertainties around the terms underlying Brexit;
     
  • cyber-attacks. 
 The report adresses a set of policy actions both to European / national  authorities and to financial institutions:
  • Sudden risk premia reversal: supervisory stress testing remains a crucial tool for the management of systemic risk – these tests are to ensure that systemically relevant sectors and players are safe to withstand market shocks, such as insurance and occupational pensions sectors, central counterparties (CCP), banks and in the future asset managers;
  • Brexit: the ESAs recommend EU financial institutions and their counterparties, as well as investors and retail consumers, to consider timely mitigation actions to prepare for the UK’s withdrawal from the EU – including possible relocations and actions to address contract continuity risks;
  • Cyber security: the ESAs encourage financial institutions to improve fragile IT systems, explore inherent risks to information security, connectivity and outsourcing. To support this, the ESAs will continue addressing cyber risks for securities, banking and insurance markets and monitor firms’ use of cloud computing and potential build-up of cyber risks; and
  • Climate change: the ESAs recommend financial institutions to consider sustainability risk in their governance and risk management frameworks and to develop responsible, sustainable financial products – moreover, supervisors should enhance their analysis of potential risks related to climate change for the financial sector and financial stability.

 

Joint Committee Risk Report – Spring 2018 (PDF)

Joint Committee Risk Assessment Reports  (PDF)

 

Conferenza “From Blockchain&Bitcoin to Distributed Ledger Technologies, Smart Contracts and Cryptocurrencies in Finance”

Apr 11 2018
Il Nicola Bruti Liberati Quantitative Finance Lab del Dipartimento di Matematica del Politecnico di Milano organizza nei giorni 9-10 maggio 2018 la conferenza

From Blockchain&Bitcoin to Distributed Ledger Technologies, Smart Contracts and Cryptocurrencies in Finance

La conferenza si rivolge al mondo accademico e a quello dell’industria finanziaria con l’intenzione di fare il punto attorno a tre temi: aspetti tecnologici legati al mondo DLT e degli smart contracts, i risvolti economici e finanziari di questi strumenti, le potenziali applicazioni al mondo della finanza. La conferenza ha un taglio multidisciplinare con l’intervento di esperti informatici e del mondo della finanza, esponenti dell’industria finanziaria e delle autorità di regolazione,

La conferenza sarà preceduta da un tutorial che intende fornire un’introduzione sulla tecnologia di questi strumenti.

Per dettagli sul programma e per la registrazione https://www.mate.polimi.it/fintech/.

Tra regolamentazione e vigilanza: la partita ancora aperta sui NPL
di Carlo Milani

Apr 10 2018
Tra regolamentazione e vigilanza: la partita ancora aperta sui NPLdi Carlo Milani

La Vigilanza bancaria della Banca Centrale Europea (BCE), dopo una consultazione pubblica durata alcuni mesi, ha recentemente varato il cosiddetto addendum al regolamento sulle linee guida in tema di crediti deteriorati (NPL).

Scopo dell’addendum è quello di delineare dei livelli minimi di accantonamento che prudenzialmente le banche sottoposte alla vigilanza diretta della BCE, ovvero quelle di maggiore dimensione, dovrebbero avere.

Nello specifico, questi livelli minimi sono definiti sulla base di due parametri: i) l’anzianità del credito deteriorato, ovvero da quanto tempo la banca ha riconosciuto il credito come non performante; ii) la presenza o meno di garanzie reali (figura 1).

Figura 1

Fonte: BCE (2018).

Per i crediti su cui la banca non vanta alcuna garanzia reale l’addendum richiede di raggiungere un livello di accantonamento pari al 100% dell’importo del credito deteriorato entro 2 anni dalla sua iscrizione nel portafoglio dei finanziamenti deteriorati. Gli impieghi su cui è presente una garanzia reale devono invece raggiungere una copertura del 100% entro sette anni.

L’addendum specifica inoltre che il raggiungimento del livello minimo di copertura dovrà avvenire in modo graduale e che si applicherà a tutti i crediti definiti come deteriorati a partire dal 1° aprile 2018. L’applicazione di questi nuovi criteri avverrà però solo a partire dallo SREP (Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process) del 2021.

Va comunque aggiunto che essendo un regolamento, e non una norma di legge, i vincoli imposti dall’addendum non possono essere applicati attraverso automatismi. Rispetto all’iniziale proposta la BCE ha in definitiva alleggerito il suo intervento, concedendo alle banche interessate circa tre anni per conformarsi ai nuovi standard e chiarendo che la valutazione avverrà caso per caso. Alcune banche potranno quindi discostarsi dai livelli minimi richiesti se riusciranno a dimostrare, ad esempio, che la loro migliore capacità di recupero degli NPL.

Si può quindi confermare la stima d’impatto per gli istituti operanti in Italia, pubblicata nell’aggiornamento al Rapporto Banche CER (2017), pari a circa 13 miliardi di euro (tabella 1). Cambia però il periodo di diluizione degli effetti, che passa dai precedenti 7 agli attuali 10 anni.

Tabella 1. Impatto dell’addendum BCE

Prestiti di famiglie e imprese (ago-17)

   1.352,4
– in bonis    1.104,3
– sofferenze o probabili inadempienze       248,1
Deteriorati attesi nel 2018          33,9
– con garanzie reali          13,0
– non garantiti          20,9
Accantonamenti attesi secondo le coperture vigenti          18,6
Maggiori accantonamenti derivanti dall’addendum          13,4

Fonte: elaborazioni e stime CER su dati Banca d’Italia. Dati in miliardi di euro

Contestualmente all’addendum la Commissione Europea (2018) ha presentato una proposta di modifica delle regole comunitarie sui requisiti prudenziali degli istituti di credito in tema di NPL. La ratio della proposta della Commissione è analoga a quella dell’addendum. Si vuole infatti evitare che in futuro si possano accumulare NPL con tassi di copertura non adeguati. BCE e Commissione hanno un obiettivo comune, evitare che tra le banche europee prevalga la strategia del “wait-and-see”. In altri termini, i manager hanno un incentivo nel mantenere in bilancio gli NPL in attesa che il contesto macroeconomico e finanziario divenga più favorevole al fine di non dover subire, nel breve termine, contraccolpi sul conto economico. Così facendo si mette però a repentaglio la stabilità di lungo termine e si compromette anche la capacità di continuare ad erogare credito. L’esempio giapponese è al riguardo molto eloquente: la crisi bancaria che colpi il paese negli anni ’90 fu infatti affrontata dalle autorità nipponiche consentendo a molte banche di continuare ad operare senza riconoscere le ingenti perdite registrate ed evitando così il default (cosiddette “zombie banks”). La conseguenza fu il perdurare del fenomeno del credit crunch, con effetti negativi sulla crescita economica di breve e di medio-lungo termine. Fenomeni si sono verificati in Svezia e in Corea del Sud (grafico 1).

Grafico 1. Effetti delle crisi bancarie sulla crescita economica

Anche sugli aspetti tecnici ci sono delle similitudini: entrambi gli interventi puntano a una copertura totale dei crediti non garantiti entro 2 anni, mentre su quelli garantiti la proposta della Commissione concede un anno in più (8 invece dei 7 dell’addendum). Se questi sono gli aspetti in comune, le differenze più rilevanti riguardano invece il perimetro di applicazione: i) le modifiche proposte dalla Commissione si applicheranno a tutte le banche europee, quindi anche a quelle di minore dimensione; ii) i nuovi vincoli riguarderanno solo i nuovi crediti erogati a partire da marzo 2018 divenuti successivamente deteriorati. La proposta della Commissione, qualora il Parlamento Europeo la accettasse così come è stata formulata, avrà nel complesso un impatto ben più contenuto sui conti bancari.

Elemento debole di entrambi gli interventi è il mancato coordinamento. La BCE sembra voler agire con maggior decisione, mentre la Commissione propende in un approccio più graduale. In questo scontro hanno probabilmente entrambe torto. L’eccessivo pugno duro della BCE, in assenza di una Banking Union completa di tutti i suoi pilastri, e in particolare senza un fiscal backstop e l’assicurazione sui depositi, rischia di destabilizzare alcuni sistemi bancari, soprattutto dei paesi periferici. Dall’altro lato, l’approccio soft della Commissione, le ostilità di alcuni paesi nel portare a compimento la Banking Union e la scarsa attenzione dedicata ai rischi di mercato possono favorire l’azzardo morale e creare le basi per una futura crisi finanziaria di portata sistemica.

Relativamente ai rischi di mercato bisogna rimarcare come BCE e Commissione tendano a sottovalutare l’impatto destabilizzante dei titoli level 3 (si veda al riguardo Barucci, Baviera e Milani, 2018) e dei derivati, attività finanziarie che abbondano nei bilanci di alcuni istituti di credito operanti nei paesi nordici. In tal modo perdura e si aggrava un’asimmetria di trattamento tra rischio di credito e rischio di mercato (CER, 2018). Tale asimmetria discrimina tra sistemi nazionali, rende più conveniente per le banche l’assunzione di rischi finanziari rispetto all’attività creditizia, e lascia non adeguatamente presidiato proprio il fattore di rischio che nel 2007/2008 ha innescato la crisi finanziaria.

Grafico 2

Conclusioni

In definitiva, e a distanza di 10 anni dallo scoppio della crisi internazionale, manca ancora una visione complessiva di come affrontare, nell’interesse dell’Europa intera, i problemi finanziari ancora aperti. Al riguardo va notato come le banche statunitensi, pur avendo subito forti contraccolpi all’avvio della crisi finanziaria, oggi hanno recuperato quasi interamente il terreno perso sui mercati azionari (grafico 2). La pronta reazione del governo Usa, in assenza di problemi di coordinamento tra le diverse nazioni che compongono lo Stato federale, può spiegare buona parte di questo successo.

 

Riferimenti

Barucci, Emilio, Baviera Roberto, and Milani Carlo. “The Comprehensive Assessment: What lessons can be learned?.” The European Journal of Finance (2018): 1-19.

BCE, Addendum to the ECB Guidance to banks on non-performing loans: supervisory expectations for prudential provisioning of non-performing exposures, marzo 2018.

CER, Addendum sui crediti deteriorati: quali effetti per le banche italiane?, Aggiornamento Rapporto Banche, ottobre 2017.

CER, Rapporto Banche 2/2017, gennaio 2018.

Commissione Europea, Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on amending Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 as regards minimum loss coverage for nonperforming exposures, marzo 2018.

BIS: Central Bank Digital Currencies and Financial Stability

Apr 06 2018

The Bank for International Settlement (BIS)  recently completed work on central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), analysing their potential implications for payment systems, monetary policy implementation and transmission as well as for the structure and stability of the financial system. We summarize here the main findings of the survey.

CBDC is a potential new form of central bank money which stays separated from reserves held by commercial and/or central banks. It can be designed by blending a different shade of several characteristics, including access (more or less restricted), degree of anonimity, operational availability and the possible bearing of interest.The report concentrates on two “prototype” CBDC, a wholesale (accessible by a restricted and predefined group of users) and a general one accessible to the majority of people.

Traditionally, central banks have, for various reasons, tended to limit access to digital account-based forms of central bank money to banks and to other financial or public institutions, while physical central bank money is widely accessible. This approach has, in general, served its scopes: the (currently) proposed implementations for a wholesale CBDC would then look similar (and not superior) to existing infrastructures.

Some central banks are analysing a CBDC that could be made widely available to the general public and serve as an alternative safe, robust and convenient payment instrument. In circumstances where the traditional approach to the provision of central bank money – in physical form to the general public and in digital form to banks – was altered by the disappearance of cash, the provision of CBDC could bring substantial benefits.

Issuance of a CBDC would probably not alter the basic mechanics of monetary policy implementation, including central banks’ use of open market operations. CBDC introduces a new type of central bank money whose demand – like cash – would need to be accommodated. CBDC would also not necessarily affect the discretion that central banks have in choosing their monetary policy implementation techniques (eg reliance on purchases of securities or credit operations with banks) as well as the maturity, liquidity and credit risk of their assets.

CBDC could enrich the options offered by the central bank’s monetary policy toolkit, eg by allowing for a strengthening of pass-through of policy rate changes to other interest rates or addressing the zero lower bound (or the even lower, effective bound) on interest rates. Other more conventional tools and policies can to some extent achieve similar outcomes without introducing new risks and challenges (such as implementing negative interest rates on public holdings of a general purpose CBDC).

  Implications are more pronounced for monetary policy transmission and financial markets, especially if a CBDC was to be designed as, or de facto became, an attractive asset. As a liquid and creditworthy asset, a wholesale variant available to institutional investors that would be akin to interest-bearing central bank reserves or reverse repo facilities, yet widely tradeable, could function as a safe asset comparable in nature to short maturity government bills. A general purpose variant could compete with guaranteed bank deposits, with implications for the pricing and composition of banks’ funding.

Introducing a CBDC could also result in a wider presence of central banks in financial systems. This, in turn, could mean a greater role for central banks in allocating economic resources, which could entail overall economic losses should such entities be less efficient than the private sector in allocating resources. It could move central banks into uncharted territory and could also lead to greater political interference.

A general purpose CBDC could however give rise to higher instability of commercial banks deposit funding. Even if designed primarily with payment purposes in mind, in periods of stress a flight towards the central bank may occur on a fast and large scale, challenging commercial banks and the central bank to manage such situations.

The report concludes that any steps towards the possible launch of a CBDC should be subject to careful and thorough consideration. Further research on the possible effects on interest rates, the structure of intermediation, financial stability and financial supervision is indeed warranted. The effects on movements in exchange rates and other asset prices remain largely unknown and also deserve further exploration.

As a general judgment, digital currencies’ volatile valuation and inadequate investor and consumer protection, make them unsafe to rely on as a common means of payment, a stable store of value or a unit of account.

IOSCO: improve transparency in corporate bond markets

Apr 06 2018

The Board of the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) published today its recommendations for improving the information on secondary corporate bond markets available to both regulators and the public.

The recommendations seek to ensure that regulators have better access to information so they can perform their functions more effectively, and to enhance cross-border information sharing and understanding. The transparency recommendations aim to support the price discovery process and facilitate better informed investment choices.

Updating IOSCO ́s 2004 report on Transparency of Corporate Bond Markets, the Regulatory Reporting and Public Transparency in the Secondary Corporate Bond Markets report makes seven recommendations that emphasize the importance of ensuring the availability of information to regulators, through reporting, and to the public, through transparency requirements.

The report recommends that regulatory authorities should ensure that they have access to sufficient information to perform their regulatory functions effectively. In addition, it recommends regulatory authorities should have clearer regulatory reporting and transparency frameworks to facilitate better cross- border understanding of corporate bond markets.

The report also recommends that regulatory authorities should consider steps to enhance pre-trade transparency in corporate bond markets and implement regimes that require post-trade transparency.

Regulatory Reporting and Public Transparency in the Secondary Corporate Bond Markets (PDF)

EBA Risk Dashboard Update for Q4-2017

Apr 06 2018

The European Banking Authority (EBA) published today the regular update of its Risk Dashboard summarising the main risks and vulnerabilities in the EU banking sector for Q4 2017.

The figures included in the Risk Dashboard are based on a sample of 149 banks, covering approximately 90% of the EU banking sector (by total assets), at the highest level of consolidation, while country aggregates may also include large subsidiaries.

The progress is positive for European banks, but risks remain heightened on sustainable profitability. Following the ESRB recommendation on commercial real estate markets, the EBA’s Risk Dashboard has an additional page showing the aggregated real estate exposures referred to real estate activities and the construction sector.

  • European banks continued to strengthen their capital ratios in the last quarter of 2017.               The CET1 ratio increased by 20 bps, from 14.6% in Q3 2017 to 14.8% in Q4 2017, reaching a new peak since Q4 2014. CET1 ratios are now above 11% for all institutions in the sample. The increase of capital ratios was driven by a decrease of the total risk exposures amount (mostly for credit risk).
  • EU banks continued to improve the overall quality of their loans’ portfolio.                                       In Q4 2017, the average ratio of non-performing loans (NPL) to total loans continued its downward trend, reaching its lowest level since Q4 2014 (4.0%). This result is explained by an increase in the outstanding volume of loans granted and a decrease in the overall amount of NPLs by over 1/3 in 3 years, from over 1.12 trillion Euros to 813 billion Euros. Nevertheless, the widespread dispersion among EU countries (with ratios ranging from 0.7% to 44.9%), along with the still high amount of NPLs in banks’ balance sheet, remains a vulnerability for the European banking sector as a whole.
  • Profitability remains the key challenge for the EU banking sector.                                                         The average return on equity (ROE) decreased from 7.2% (Q3 2017) to 6.1% in Q4 2017, showing its usual end-of-year seasonality. The average ROE rose by 2.8 p.p. from its lowest level of 3.3% in Q4 2016, mainly driven by the annual increase in net trading income (8.5% in Q4 2017). However, the return on equity remains below the cost of equity with legacy assets, cost-efficiency and banks’ business models still being some of the main obstacles towards reaching sustainable profitability levels.
  • Loan-to-deposit ratio continued to decrease.                                                                                        The LtD ratio reached 116.7% with a 50 bps decline from the previous quarter, mainly driven by an increase in deposits. The leverage ratio remained broadly stable, increasing by 10 bps to 5.5%.

 
EBA Risk Dashboard Update – Q4 2017 (PDF)

EBA Risk Dashboard Update – Data Download (XLSX)